Several events since the 1990s contributed to sharpening the youth consciousness culminating in taking the streets on january, 25th demanding a change. At the end of june, egypt was on the verge of economic collapse, but swift action on the part of the interim government led to stabilization. Human development, information technology, egypt the transport system provided channels to the remotest villages, but the water that might. Under british occupation in the 1930s, cairo became the. Economic and social reasons for the egypts january 25 revolution the egyptian revolution will not succeed until it establishes a new system that eliminates the causes of. The economic development in egypt during the 19522007 period.
The egyptian revolution carries a challenging transition phase, starting out with problems such as low foreign direct investments fdi, a high budget deficit, a high debt. In analyzing sources of threat, we have to distinguish. The libyan economy collapsed in the wake of the popular uprising in february 2011 that led to the overthrow of the muammar qaddafi regime later that year. How egypt rebuilt its economy since june 30 revolution. The economic development in egypt during the 19522007.
As a result, state revenues are reduced, the quality and quantity of publicly provided goods and services drop, and ultimately tax is increased in the official sector. A new cause of the arab spring is the increase in population, which increased unemployment. Tough living conditions followed the states 2017 reformist economic policies which included a series of decisions, from reducing subsidies on energy to devaluing the local pound. The information revolution and the industrial revolution. Egyptian revolution, it is worth elaborating on the economic, social, and political circumstances of egypt prior to the 25th of january revolution. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the strongest military state in north africa region. February 2011, after 18 days of mass protests, the egyptian president was forced to. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual egyptian police holiday as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of mubaraks presidency. Egypts economic transition has been slow and turbulent since the fall of. Egypts post2011 media experience both under elected islamist president mohamed morsi 201220 and even more so after army commander general abdel fattah alsisi took power in 20, has been characterized by harsh restrictions upon freedom of expression and a return to a culture of enforced obedience in the print and television industries.
Egypt celebrates on saturday the fifth anniversary of the june 30 revolution that toppled the muslim brotherhoodaffiliated president mohamed morsi, after one year in power during which the country suffered fierce political conflicts and social splits that threatened the future of the nation. In 1882, the united kingdom occupied egypt and continued to exercise strong influence over the country until the end of world war ii 19391945. Foreign investment in e gypt deteriorated after the revolution from 6. Most causes of the 2011 egyptian revolution against mubarak also existed in 1952, when the free officers ousted king farouk. Egypt lost part of the egyptian lands under the israeli occupation and all the efforts and capabilities were directed to country librating. In taking on such new responsibilities and control, the military also came to realize. Accordingly, the research objectives are as follows. The following year, the chief of the armed forces, abdel fatah alsissi, was elected president and has overseen the harshest crackdown on dissent since the republic was established by gamal abdel. Emine gozde sevin photographed egypt after the january 25 revolution.
This natural feature was strengthened in 1869 after the establishment of the suez canal. What challenges lie ahead for egypts economic reforms. Jul 03, 20 even before the revolution in 2011, you had 10 percent unemployment and 25 percent youth unemployment. During the 2000s, when markets were calm and oil prices high, egypts foreign reserves climbed steadily. The events ended with the 20 egyptian coup detat after mass protests across egypt demanding the immediate resignation of the president. Pdf the egyptian revolution and post socioeconomic impact. Revenue from tourism has collapsed, putting pressure on the balance of payments, which in turn has sparked a slide in foreign reserves. Egypt has one of the most established and influential media industries in the middle east. Financial development and economic growth in egypt. The military, the media and public perceptions in egypt following the downfall of president hosni mubarak in january 2011, and more markedly after the july 20 ouster of president mohamed morsi, egypts militar y assumed a new role in national politics. Impact of the socio economic situation post the egyptian revolution 2011 countries of the world, inequality is considered as a lead cause for. Foreign funding in egypt after the revolution the web site cannot. Gdp growth had shifted into a much higher gear, increasing from just below. The revolution three things changed after the revolution.
Moreover, the status quo ante has been discredited, as the january 25 revolution attested, so its economic and political models provide only limited foundations, at best, for erecting ne. According to an investigation file on cso foreign funding submitted to the cairo criminal. The social and economic landscape in egypt, two years after the uprisings. Some optimistic experts and analysts go as far as to include egypt in the second wave of emerging countries to achieve high growth rates, maybe even adding an e to the bric. As part of the imf bailout plan, the country agreed to implement a series of sensitive reforms. Eighteen months after egypts revolution, president mohamed morsi, the united states and the international monetary fund finally seem to be pulling in the same general direction on the question. The world bank initially agreed to finance the huge project, but the bank ultimately withdrew its support. The economy is under continuous strain because of the turbulent process of political transition. Thus, while egypts economy appeared to grow, inequalities and poverty were increasing. Abdou and others published the egyptian revolution and post socioeconomic.
Five years after the 2011 revolution, egypt s economy is floundering and remains far from recovery. Impact of the socioeconomic situation post egyptian revolution 2011. By numbers alone, on the eve of the revolution, egypts economy looked fairly healthy. Economic conditions in egypt prior to 25th of january revolution. Combining a quantile regression and a difference in difference methodology, we present empirical evidence in support of our hypotheses that the revolution has had an adverse impact on the egyptian economy, on average, but with heterogeneous effects across different sectors. Egypts economic recovery egypts interim government is addressing the countrys shortterm economic challenges while bolstering longterm economic confidence. It is argued in this paper that the post revolution administrations1 not only failed to realize a new economic reality but also accelerated the decline of the nations economy. A year ago, egypts economy had been crushed by political turmoil. After growing by an average rate of 6 percent per year over the previous decade, the growth rate.
Egypts economy after 2011 revolution financial tribune. Egypt in search of economic direction pdf chatham house. We define the empire to exclude egypt since it had different endowments, commodity specialization and significant autonomy in the 19th century. The path to a successful economic transition in egypt center for.
The egyptian revolution and post socioeconomic impact doaa s. Importantly, the ongoing transitions in tunisia, libya, and egypt at least before the july 20 military coup have provided new spaces for the formation and development of political parties. Opinion egypts economic struggle the new york times. Section 3 presents a parallel picture of egypt against the information revolution.
Egypt and the high aswan dam analysis of the possibility of building the high aswan dam began after the july 1952 revolution. During the mid2000s, growth in gross domestic product gdp averaged an impressive seven percent annually. The 30 june protests occurred in egypt on 30 june 20, marking the oneyear anniversary of mohamed morsis inauguration as president. The egyptian revolution carries a challenging transition phase, starting out with problems such as low foreign direct investments fdi, a high budget deficit, a high debt rate, a high unemployment rate, a high poverty rate, and a low standard of living. After the revolution in egypt, what has changed for the. After the revolution, this system collapsed, and there were two and a half years of virtually total freedom of the press, followed by the period of almost.
The economic causes of the egyptian revolution january 25, 2011. The repressive and violent nature of the arab regimes also ranks high on the list of major factors culminating in the 2011 arab uprisings. Gdp has declined by almost 4 percent and manufacturing by 12 percent. The egyptian economy has transformed itself after the 1952 revolution, from a regulated and social controlled economy in a certain historical context now finding itself into a complex reforming process that has been launched by the massive privatization of the former public enterprises, into a new historical context. W ith hindsight, its clear that the mubarak regimes. Egypt is facing a combination of security and economic risks. Economic and social policies in postmubarak egypt iai. Prior to the revolution on the 25th of january, the economy in egypt as a whole was performing better than ever. Funds required to finance the project became available after the nationalization of the suez canal. Moreover, the status quo ante has been discredited, as the january 25 revolution attested, so its economic and political models provide only limited foundations, at best, for erecting new ones. The egyptian revolution occurred based on the increased disconnect among citizens.
The economic causes of the egyptian revolution january 25. The value of the high aswan dam to the egyptian economy. The economic roots of egypts crisis the washington post. Jan 30, 2018 thus, while egypts economy appeared to grow, inequalities and poverty were increasing. Authorities could take off the financial system to avoid this risk.
After the revolution of 1952 the egyptian economy has transformed gradually from a free market one, based on private property into a regulated and socially controlled economy, being at present in a vast and complex reform process caused by the massive privatisation. Anger and hate motivated them not to return home unless they changed their destiny. The arab spring had culminated in a military takeover and the installation of the current president, abdel fattah alsisi. The egyptian revolution of 2011, also known as the january 25 revolution arabic. In the two years since the revolution, egypts economic performance has. Moreover, what it will take to sell postmubarak egypt to foreign investors in view of problems facing egypts economy these days. By numbers alone, on the eve of the revolution, egypt s economy looked fairly healthy. Sep 05, 2012 eighteen months after egypts revolution, president mohamed morsi, the united states and the international monetary fund finally seem to be pulling in the same general direction on the question. The egyptian revolution of 25 january 2011 not only marked a turning point in egypts political landscape, but also significantly affected the countrys economy and labour market.
Egyptian workers played a major role in the revolution in an attempt to fight against the constant violation of core labour rights and to improve their poor economic conditions, after the closure of many factories. The imf had predicted that the egyptian economy would grow by 3 percent in 20, but it has now down graded that figure to 2 percent. Challenges of egypts economic transition carnegie endowment. Egypts economy in 2011 banks in egypt could record a wave of cash withdrawals when they resume their operations, such examples have included companies among the hardest hit violent protests against president hosni mubarak, says bloomberg. The egyptian revolution of 25 january 2011 not only marked a turning point in egypt s political landscape, but also significantly affected the countrys economy and labour market. During the mid2000s, growth in gross domestic product averaged an impressive 7% annually.
As the war raged, virtually all economic activity, especially oil production the mainstay of the libyan economy witnessed a dramatic decline. Successive egyptian governments have struggled to develop a vision for a new economic model for egypt, while simultaneously implementing populist policies to appease the immediate demand of the public. The challenge now is to create a more inclusive strategyone. In china the cultural revolution that started in 1966 was continued with all the chaos in all life categories. The revolution in egypt came as a lifeline for many workers who endured more than 30 years of a tyrannical regime and a decline in economic and social conditions. The large country conditions probably began to apply to egypt and its cotton exports after the 1860s, but egypt is not included in our ottoman empire definition. In short, the revolution is explained by the increasing density and pervasiveness of social, economic and political grievances that culminated into an uncontrollable anger towards a diminishing legitimacy of mubaraks thirtyyearsrule of the country.
Oct 31, 2014 a year ago, egypt s economy had been crushed by political turmoil. The military, the media and public perceptions in egypt. Egypts strategic location has become the center of the trade route between africa, europe and asia. Egypts economy is battling a number of structural problems, mainly low growth rates and high deficit. Her photos from 201120 show protests in the streets, but also everyday life. Esharing apps the growing success of apps in egypt like. Egypts economy struggles after revolution bbc news. Since the 25 january revolution, egypt has witnessed amendments to law 40. The economy of egypt was a highly centralized economy focused on import substitution under president gamal abdel nasser. May 22, 2011 egypt s economy struggles after revolution when the g8 group of leading industrial nations meets in france this week it will include delegations from egypt and tunisia, in recognition of the need. One is that the government has long used publicsector jobs to. Eventually, egypts imports began to outweigh its exports.
Already there was a sense of a lack of opportunity and declining social mobility. The economy since the revolution economic performance in egypt has been poor since the revolution began in january 2011. Egypts economy struggles after revolution when the g8 group of leading industrial nations meets in france this week it will include delegations from egypt and tunisia, in. The main indices of egypts stock exchange egx 30 and egx. At the same time, its demand for imports grew in response to a weak dollar and a burgeoning population with an appetite for foreign goods. About egypts economy egypts economy in 2011 banks in egypt could record a wave of cash withdrawals when they resume their operations, such examples have included companies among the hardest hit violent protests against president hosni mubarak, says bloomberg.
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